What Is The Word For Stuffing A Dead Animal

Stuffing and mounting dead animals for display

This article is nearly practice of stuffing and mounting animals. For field of biology, encounter Taxonomy (biology).

Taxidermy is the art of preserving an animal'southward body via mounting (over an armature) or stuffing, for the purpose of brandish or study. Animals are oftentimes, merely non always, portrayed in a lifelike land. The discussion taxidermy describes the procedure of preserving the animal, but the word is also used to describe the cease product, which are called taxidermy mounts or referred to just as "taxidermy". The word taxidermy is derived from the Greek words taxis and derma.^[1] Taxis means "arrangement", and derma means "skin" (the dermis).^[i] The word taxidermy translates to "organization of skin".^[one]

Taxidermy is practiced primarily on vertebrates (mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and less commonly on amphibians) but can also be done to larger insects and arachnids^[3] nether some circumstances. Taxidermy takes on a number of forms and purposes including hunting trophies and natural history museum displays. Museums use taxidermy every bit a method to record species, including those that are extinct and threatened,^[4] in the course of study skins and life-size mounts. Taxidermy is sometimes also used every bit a means to memorialize pets.^[v]

A person who practices taxidermy is called a taxidermist. They may practice professionally, catering to museums and sportspeople (hunters and fishermen), or as amateurs (hobbyists). A taxidermist is aided past familiarity with beefcake, sculpture, painting, and tanning.

History [edit]

Tanning and early on stuffing techniques [edit]

Preserving brute skins has been practiced for a long time. Embalmed animals have been found with Egyptian mummies. Although embalming incorporates the use of lifelike poses, information technology is not considered taxidermy. In the Middle Ages, crude examples of taxidermy were displayed by astrologers and apothecaries. The earliest methods of preservation of birds for natural history cabinets were published in 1748 by Reaumur in France. Techniques for mounting were described in 1752 by Grand. B. Stollas. In that location were several pioneers of taxidermy in France, Germany, Kingdom of denmark and England around this fourth dimension. For a while, clay was used to shape some of the soft parts, simply this fabricated specimens heavy.^{[6] [7]}

By the 19th century, almost every town had a tannery business concern. In the 19th century, hunters began bringing their trophies to upholstery shops, where the upholsterers would actually sew upwards the animal skins and stuff them with rags and cotton. The term "stuffing" or a "stuffed animal" evolved from this crude course of taxidermy. Professional person taxidermists prefer the term "mounting" to "stuffing". More sophisticated cotton-wrapped wire bodies supporting sewn-on cured skins soon followed. In France, Louis Dufresne, taxidermist at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle from 1793, popularized arsenical soap in an article in Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle (1803–1804). This technique enabled the museum to build the greatest drove of birds in the world.^[9]

Dufresne's methods spread to England in the early on 19th century, where updated and non-toxic methods of preservation were adult by some of the leading naturalists of the day, including Rowland Ward and Montague Brown.^[10] Ward established ane of the earliest taxidermy firms, Rowland Ward Ltd. of Piccadilly. Yet, the art of taxidermy remained relatively undeveloped, and the specimens that were created remained stiff and unconvincing.^[xi]

Taxidermy as art [edit]

The golden age of taxidermy was during the Victorian era, when mounted animals became a popular part of interior design and decor.^[12] English ornithologist John Hancock is considered to be the male parent of modern taxidermy.^[13] An avid collector of birds, which he would shoot himself, he began modelling them with dirt and casting in plaster.

For the Dandy Exhibition of 1851 in London, he mounted a serial of stuffed birds as an exhibit. They generated much interest among the public and scientists alike who considered them every bit superior to earlier models and were regarded as the outset lifelike and artistic specimens on display.^[14] A estimate remarked that Hancock'southward exhibit "... will make it towards raising the art of taxidermy to a level with other arts which take hitherto held college pretensions".^[fifteen]

Hancock's display sparked great national interest in taxidermy, and amateur and professional collections for public view proliferated chop-chop. Displays of birds were particularly common in middle-form Victorian homes – even Queen Victoria amassed an impressive bird collection. Taxidermists were also increasingly used by the bereaved owners of dead pets to 'resurrect' them.^[16]

Anthropomorphic taxidermy [edit]

In the late 1800s, a style known as anthropomorphic taxidermy became popular. A 'Victorian whimsy', mounted animals were dressed as people or displayed as if engaged in human being activities. An early example of this genre was displayed past Herman Ploucquet, from Stuttgart, Germany, at the Keen Exhibition in London.^[17]

Taxidermy frogs playing pool.

The best-known practitioner in this genre was the English taxidermist Walter Potter, whose most famous piece of work was The Death and Burial of Cock Robin. Amongst his other scenes were "a rat's den being raided past the local police rats ... [a] village school ... featuring 48 trivial rabbits busy writing on tiny slates, while the Kittens' Tea Political party displayed feline etiquette and a game of croquet."^[18] Apart from the simulations of human being situations, he had also added examples of bizarrely deformed animals such as two-headed lambs and 4-legged chickens. Potter'southward museum was and then pop that an extension was built to the platform at Bramber railway station.^[xix]

Other Victorian taxidermists known for their iconic anthropomorphic taxidermy work are William Hart and his son Edward Hart.^[20] They gained recognition with their famous series of dioramas featuring boxing squirrels. Both William and Edward created multiple sets of these dioramas. One four-piece set of boxing squirrel dioramas (circa 1850) sold at auction in 2013 for record prices. The 4 dioramas were created as a fix (with each diorama portraying the squirrels at a different stage during their boxing match); however, the fix was broken upward and each was sold separately at the same sale. The ready was 1 of a number they created over the years featuring battle squirrels.^[20]

Famous examples of modernistic anthropomorphic taxidermy include the piece of work of artist Adele Morse, who gained international attention with her "Stoned Play a joke on" sculpture serial,^[21] and the piece of work of creative person Sarina Brewer, known for her Siamese twin squirrels and flight monkeys partaking in human activities.^[22]

20th century [edit]

In the early 20th century, taxidermy was taken forward under the leadership of artists such equally Carl Akeley, James Fifty. Clark, William T. Hornaday, Coleman Jonas, Fredrick, and William Kaempfer, and Leon Pray. These and other taxidermists developed anatomically accurate figures which incorporated every detail in artistically interesting poses, with mounts in realistic settings and poses that were considered more appropriate for the species. This was quite a modify from the caricatures popularly offered as hunting trophies.^{[ citation needed ]}

Additional mod uses of Taxidermy take been the employ of "Faux Taxidermy" or faux animal heads that depict on the inspiration of traditional taxidermy. Decorating with sculpted fake animal heads that are painted in different colors has become a popular trend in interior design.^[23]

Rogue taxidermy [edit]

Rogue taxidermy (sometimes referred to as "taxidermy art"^[24]) is a course of mixed media sculpture.^{[22] [25]} Rogue taxidermy fine art references traditional bays or natural history museum taxidermy, just is not always synthetic out of taxidermied animals;^{[22] [25]} it can be synthetic entirely from synthetic materials.^{[22] [26]} Additionally, rogue taxidermy is not necessarily figurative, as information technology can be abstract and does not need to resemble an animal.^[22] Information technology can be a small decorative object or a big-scale room-sized installation. There is a very wide spectrum of styles within the genre, some of which falls into the category of mainstream art.^{[22] [27]} "Rogue taxidermy" describes a wide diversity of work, including work that is classified and exhibited every bit fine art.^[26] Neither the term, nor the genre, emerged from the globe of traditional taxidermy.^[25] The genre was built-in from forms of fine art that use some of the components found in the construction of a traditional taxidermy mount.^[25] The term "rogue taxidermy" was coined in 2004 by an creative person collective chosen The Minnesota Association of Rogue Taxidermists.^{[26] [28]} The Minneapolis-based group was founded by artists Sarina Brewer, Scott Bibus, and Robert Marbury every bit a means to unite their corresponding mediums and differing styles of sculpture.^{[28] [29]} The definition of rogue taxidermy set forth by the individuals who formed the genre (Brewer, Bibus, and Marbury) is: "A genre of pop-surrealist art characterized by mixed media sculptures containing conventional taxidermy-related materials that are used in an unconventional manner".^{[24] [30] [31]} Interest in the collective's piece of work gave ascent to an artistic movement referred to equally the Rogue Taxidermy art movement, or alternately, the Taxidermy Art motility.^{[25] [30] [32] [33]} Autonomously from describing a genre of fine fine art,^{[25] [22] [32]} the term "rogue taxidermy" has expanded in recent years and has also get an adjective practical to unorthodox forms of traditional taxidermy such as anthropomorphic mounts and composite mounts where two or more than animals are spliced together.^{[34] [35]} (eastward.yard.; sideshow gaffs of conjoined "freak" animals and mounts of jackalopes or other fictional creatures) In addition to beingness the impetus for the art movement, the inception of the genre also marked a resurgence of interest in conventional (traditional) forms of taxidermy.^{[34] [35]}

Methods [edit]

Traditional skin-mount [edit]

The methods taxidermists practice have been improved over the last century, heightening taxidermic quality and lowering toxicity. The animal is first skinned in a process like to removing the skin from a craven prior to cooking. This tin can be accomplished without opening the torso crenel, so the taxidermist usually does non see internal organs or blood. Depending on the type of skin, preserving chemicals are applied or the pare is tanned. Information technology is then either mounted on a mannequin made from wood, wool and wire, or a polyurethane course. Clay is used to install glass eyes and can also be used for facial features like cheekbones and a prominent brow bone. Modeling clay can exist used to reform features also, if the appendage was torn or damaged clay can hold it together and add musculus detail. Forms and eyes are commercially available from a number of suppliers. If non, taxidermists carve or cast their own forms.^[36]

Taxidermists seek to continually maintain their skills to ensure bonny, lifelike results. Mounting an brute has long been considered an art course, ofttimes involving months of piece of work; non all mod taxidermists trap or chase for prized specimens.^[37]

Fauna specimens can be frozen, then thawed at a later on date to be skinned and tanned. Numerous measurements are taken of the body. A traditional method that remains popular today involves retaining the original skull and leg bones of a specimen and using these as the footing to create a mannequin made primarily from woods wool (previously tow or hemp wool was used) and galvanised wire. Some other method is to mould the carcass in plaster, and so make a copy of the animal using i of several methods. A terminal mould is then made of polyester resin and drinking glass cloth, from which a polyurethane course is made for final production. The carcass is so removed and the mould is used to produce a cast of the animate being called a 'form'. Forms can also be made past sculpting the animal commencement in dirt. Many companies produce stock forms in various sizes. Glass optics are and then usually added to the brandish, and in some cases, artificial teeth, jaws, tongue, or for some birds, bogus beaks and legs can be used.

Freeze-dried mount [edit]

Example of dermestid protrude damage to a freeze-stale taxidermy mount of a rattlesnake

An increasingly popular trend is to freeze dry the animal. For all intents and purposes, a freeze-dried mount is a mummified animal. The internal organs are removed during grooming; notwithstanding, all other tissue remains in the body. (The skeleton and all accompanying musculature is still beneath the surface of the skin) The animal is positioned into the desired pose, then placed into the bedroom of a special freeze drying machine designed specifically for this application. The machine freezes the animal and also creates a vacuum in the bedroom. Pressure level in the chamber helps vaporize wet in the beast's body, allowing it to dry. The rate of drying depends on vapor pressure. (The higher the pressure level, the faster the specimen dries.)^[38] Vapor force per unit area is determined by temperature of the bedchamber; the higher the temperature, the college the vapor force per unit area is at a given vacuum.^[38] The length of the dry-time is of import because rapid freezing creates less tissue distortion (i.due east.; shrinkage, warping, and wrinkling)^[38] The process can be done with reptiles, birds, and small mammals such as cats, rodents, and some dogs. Large specimens may require upwardly to half-dozen months in the freeze dryer earlier they are completely dry. Freeze drying is the nearly pop type of pet preservation. This is considering it is the least invasive in terms of what is washed to the brute's body after death, which is a business organization of owners (Most owners do not opt for a traditional skin mount). In the case of large pets, such equally dogs and cats, freeze drying is also the best manner to capture the animal'southward expression every bit it looked in life (some other important concern of owners). Freeze drying equipment is costly and requires much upkeep. The procedure is likewise time-consuming; therefore, freeze drying is more often than not an expensive method to preserve an beast. The drawback to this method is that freeze-stale mounts are extremely susceptible to insect damage. This is because they contain big areas of dried tissue (meat and fatty) for insects to feed upon. Traditional mounts are far less susceptible because they contain near no residual tissues (or none at all). Regardless of how well a taxidermy mount is prepared, all taxidermy is susceptible to insect damage. Taxidermy mounts are targeted past the same beetles and textile moths that destroy wool sweaters and fur coats and that infest grains and flour in pantries.^[39]

Reproduction mount [edit]

Reproduction mount of a rhinoceros made of fiberglass

Some methods of creating a trophy mount practice not involve preserving the actual torso of the animal. Instead, detailed photos and measurements are taken of the fauna so a taxidermist can create an verbal replica in resin or fiberglass that can be displayed in identify of the existent brute. No animals are killed in the creation of this blazon of trophy mount. Ane state of affairs where this is good is in the earth of sport angling where take hold of and release is condign increasingly prevalent. Reproduction mounts are commonly created for (among others) trout, bass, and large saltwater species such as the swordfish and blue marlin. Some other situation where reproduction trophies are created is when endangered species are involved. Endangered and protected species, such as the rhino, are hunted with rifles loaded with tranquilizer darts rather than real bullets. While the fauna is unconscious, the hunter poses for photos with the animal while it is measured for the purpose of creating a replica, or to establish what size of prefabricated fiberglass trophy head tin can be purchased to most closely approximate the actual animal. The darted creature is not harmed. The hunter then displays the fiberglass head on the wall in lieu of the real fauna's head to commemorate the experience of the hunt.

Re-creation mount [edit]

A taxidermy re-creation of an extinct ancestral bird species, Archaeopteryx, created with the wings and feathers of an extant variety of grouse.

Re-creation mounts are accurate life-size representations of either extant or extinct species that are created using materials non establish on the animate being beingness rendered. They utilize the fur, feathers, and skin of other species of animals. According to the National Taxidermy Association: "Re-creations, for the purpose of this [contest] category, are defined as renderings which include no natural parts of the animal portrayed. A re-creation may include original carvings and sculptures. A re-creation may utilise natural parts, provided the parts are not from the species being portrayed. For instance, a re-creation hawkeye could be constructed using turkey feathers, or a moo-cow hide could exist used to simulate African game". ^[forty] A famous example of a re-cosmos mount is a behemothic panda created by taxidermist Ken Walker that he constructed out of dyed and bleached black acquit fur.^[41]

Study skins [edit]

A study skin is a taxidermic zoological specimen prepared in a minimalistic fashion that is concerned simply with preserving the animal's pare, not the shape of the animal's body.^[42] Every bit the name implies, written report skins are used for scientific report (research), and are housed mainly by museums. A report skin's sole purpose is to preserve data, not to replicate an animal in a lifelike country.^[42] Museums proceed large collections of report skins in order to behave comparisons of physical characteristics to other study skins of the same species. Study skins are as well kept considering DNA can be extracted from them when needed at any point in time.^[43]

A report peel's preparation is extremely bones. Afterwards the animal is skinned, fat is methodically scraped off the underside of the hibernate. The underside of the hide is then rubbed with borax or cedar grit to help it dry faster. The animal is and so stuffed with cotton and sewn up. Mammals are laid flat on their belly. Birds are prepared lying on their back. Study skins are dried in these positions to keep the end production as slender and streamlined as possible so large numbers of specimens tin exist stored side-by-side in apartment file drawers, while occupying a minimum corporeality of infinite.^[44] Since written report skins are not prepared with aesthetics in mind they do non take imitation eyes similar other taxidermy, and their cotton filling is visible in their centre openings.^[45]

• 

  1. Measurements are collected

• 

  two. Brute is Skinned. Notes on internal organs are recorded

• 

  3. Peel is stuffed with cotton

• 

  4. Completed study pare is labeled with a data tag

Notable taxidermists [edit]

• Carl Akeley (1864–1926), the father of modern taxidermy
• Jean-Baptiste Bécœur (1718–1777), French ornithologist, taxidermist, and inventor of arsenical soap
• Harry Ferris Brazenor (1863–1948), 19th-century British taxidermist
• James Dickinson, MBE (1959–), retired British taxidermist, known for his restorations of existing specimens
• William Temple Hornaday (1854–1937), American zoologist, conservationist, and taxidermist who was the first managing director of what is now called the Bronx Zoo
• Martha Maxwell (1831–1881), American naturalist, taxidermist, and artist who was the offset female naturalist to obtain and taxidermy her own specimens
• Charles Johnson Maynard (1845–1929), American naturalist, ornithologist, and taxidermist who discovered many new species and authored many notable publications
• Charles Willson Peale (1741–1827), American painter, Revolutionary State of war veteran, inventor, naturalist, and polymath who organized the US's first scientific expedition in 1801
• Walter Potter (1835–1918), Victorian era British creator of iconic whimsical anthropomorphic taxidermy dioramas
• Jules Verreaux (1807–1873), French botanist, ornithologist, and taxidermy collector and trader
• James Rowland Ward (1848–1912), British taxidermist and founder of Rowland Ward Express, known for its piece of furniture and household items made of animal parts

See too [edit]

• Conservation and restoration of taxidermy
• Plastination
• Skull mounts
• Taxidermy art and science
• Bird collections
• Deyrolle, internationally known purveyor of taxidermy located Paris
• Green hunting
• Julia Pastrana, a sideshow performer preserved via taxidermy
• Negro of Banyoles, case of a taxidermied human
• Skinning

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c} Harper, Douglas. "taxidermy". Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 17 July 2010.
2. ^ Daniel Carter Beard (1890). The American Boys Handy Volume. C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 242, 243.
3. ^ "Life After Death: Extinct Animals Immortalized With Taxidermy". video.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on 2015-07-16. Retrieved 2015-07-16 .
4. ^ Pierce Ph.D, Jessica. "All Dogs Become to Sky". Psychology Today. Sussex Publishers, LLC. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
5. ^ Péquignot, Amandine (2006). "The History of Taxidermy: Clues for Preservation". Collections: A Periodical for Museum and Archives Professionals. 2 (three): 245–255. doi:10.1177/155019060600200306. ISSN 1550-1906. S2CID 191989601.
6. ^ Mantagu Browne (31 July 2015). Practical Taxidermy – A Transmission of Instruction to the Amateur in Collecting, Preserving, and Setting up Natural History Specimens. Read Land Book. ISBN978-one-4733-7689-two.
7. ^ Taxidermy Vol.12 Tanning – Outlining the Various Methods of Tanning. Read Books Limited. 26 August 2016. pp. 3–. ISBN978-i-4733-5355-8.
8. ^ C. J. Maynard (25 August 2017). Manual of Taxidermy – A Consummate Guide in Collecting and Preserving Birds and Mammals. Read Books Limited. ISBN978-ane-4733-3900-2.
9. ^ "xi Things You Probably Didn't Know About Taxidermy". 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2017-09-13 .
10. ^ Taxidermy Vol.ten Collecting Specimens – The Drove and Displaying Taxidermy Specimens. Tobey Press. 26 August 2016. ISBN978-1-4733-5354-ane.
11. ^ Davie, Oliver (1900). Methods in the art of taxidermy. Philadelphia: David McKay.
12. ^ Leon Pray (31 July 2015). Taxidermy. Read Books Limited. pp. 8–. ISBN978-1-4733-7688-v.
13. ^ "John Hancock: A Biography by T. Russell Goddard (1929)". Archived from the original on 2013-12-14.
14. ^ "Taxidermy Articles".
15. ^ "Morbid Outlook – Memento Mori Animalia".
16. ^ Henning, Michelle (2007). "Anthropomorphic taxidermy and the death of nature: The curious art of Hermann Ploucquet, Walter Potter and Charles Waterton" (PDF). Victorian Literature and Culture. 35 (2): 663–678. doi:10.1017/S1060150307051704. S2CID 59405158.
17. ^ Morris, Pat (7 Dec 2007). "Animal magic". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2009-02-14 .
18. ^ Ketteman, Tony. "Mr Potter of Bramber". Retrieved 2009-02-fourteen .
19. ^ ^{a b} "Stuffed Squirrels Fight for High Prices". Kovels.com. Kovels Sale House. two October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
20. ^ Robert Marbury (2014). Taxidermy Art: A Rogue'due south Guide to the Work, the Culture, and How to Do Information technology Yourself. Artisan. p. 14. ISBN978-one-57965-558-7.
21. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Rivera, Erica (eight April 2016). "Require Contour: Sarina Brewer and Rogue Taxidermy". CraveOnline. CraveOnlineLLC. Archived from the original on i Dec 2016. Retrieved 12 Dec 2016.
22. ^ "HuffPost is now a part of Verizon Media". HuffPost. 9 May 2013.
23. ^ ^{a b} Ode, Kim (15 October 2014). "Rogue Taxidermy, at the crossroads of fine art and wildlife". Variety section. Star Tribune . Retrieved 12 Dec 2016.
24. ^ ^{a b c d east f} Lundy, Patricia (16 February 2016). "The Renaissance of Handcrafts and Fine Arts Celebrates Dark Civilisation". Dirge magazine. Chant Magazine. Archived from the original on 12 Jan 2017. Retrieved 3 Nov 2016.
25. ^ ^{a b c} Langston, Erica (xxx March 2016). "When Taxidermy Goes Rogue". Audubon. National Audubon Gild. Archived from the original on eleven April 2016. Retrieved 24 Nov 2017.
26. ^ "The Curious Occurrence Of Taxidermy In Contemporary Art". Brown University. David Winton Bell Gallery. 23 January 2016. Retrieved 24 Nov 2017.
27. ^ ^{a b} Voon, Claire (14 October 2014). "Women Are Dominating the Rogue Taxidermy Scene". Vice. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved xix January 2018.
28. ^ "Topcik, Joel (3 Jan 2005). "Head of Goat, Tail of Fish, More Than a Impact of Weirdness". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 19 Jan 2018.
29. ^ ^{a b} Gyldenstrom, Freja (17 June 2017). "Mortality and Taxidermy in Fine art". culturised.co.uk. Culturised. Archived from the original on three October 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
30. ^ "The History of Rogue Taxidermy". The Taxidermy Art of Sarina Brewer . Retrieved 19 Jan 2018.
31. ^ ^{a b} Evans, Hayley (22 February 2016). "Rogue Taxidermy Artists Who Create Imaginative Sculptures". illusion magazine. Scene 360 LLC. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved xix January 2018.
32. ^ Niittynen, Miranda (2015). "Beast Magic; Sculpting Queer Encounters through Rogue Taxidermy Art" (PDF). Gender Forum: Internet Journal for Gender Studies. 55: 14–34. ISSN 1613-1878. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved nineteen January 2018.
33. ^ ^{a b} Leggett, David (7 April 2017). "Chimaera Taxidermy – The Weird and the Wonderful". CataWiki. CataWiki Sale House. Archived from the original on xix January 2018. Retrieved 19 Jan 2018.
34. ^ ^{a b} "Dead Animals into Art". CBC Radio. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 October 2017. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
35. ^ Melissa Milgrom (8 March 2010). Withal Life: Adventures in Taxidermy. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN978-0-547-48705-2.
36. ^ Morgan Mathews (director) (2005). Taxidermy: Stuff the World (documentary film). Century Films.
37. ^ ^{a b c} "Feeze Dry Taxidermy". freezedryco.com . Retrieved v May 2017.
38. ^ "Identifying Museum Insect Pest damage" (PDF). National Park Service. November 2008. Retrieved seven November 2017.
39. ^ "World Taxidermy Competition categories". Taxidermy.net. Breakthrough Magazine, Inc. 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
40. ^ Rowell, Meloday (fourteen September 2014). "Exotic, Extinct, and On Display: Robert Clark's Take on Taxidermy". National Geographic . Retrieved 13 December 2016.
41. ^ ^{a b} "Study Skins". ciMuseums.org.uk. Colchester & Ipswich Museums. Retrieved 13 Dec 2016.
42. ^ Kurihara, Nozomi (11 Feb 2013). "Utility of hair shafts from study skins for mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid analysis". Genetics and Molecular Research. 12 (4): 5396–5404. doi:10.4238/2013.Nov.11.ane. PMID 24301912.
43. ^ "Taxidermy". Queensland Museum Network. The State Queensland. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
44. ^ Rogers, Steve. "Relaxing Skins". Bird Collections Message Board. Museum of Natural Scientific discipline, Louisiana Country Academy. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

Further reading [edit]

• Rookmaaker, L. C.; et al. (2006). "The ornithological cabinet of Jean-Baptiste Bécoeur and the hole-and-corner of the arsenical soap" (PDF). Athenaeum of Natural History. 33 (1): 146–158. doi:10.3366/anh.2006.33.1.146. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-12-31 .

External links [edit]

• Media related to Taxidermy at Wikimedia Commons
• Taxidermy.web log
• Taxidermy.Net
• Methods in the Art of Taxidermy by Oliver Davie
• Costless Taxidermy School.Com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxidermy

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